Organometallic halide compound, and optical member, light-emitting device, and apparatus, each including the same

ABSTRACT

Provided are an organometallic halide compound represented by Formula 1 and having a zero-dimensional non-perovskite structure, and a light-emitting device, an optical member, and an apparatus, each including the organometallic halide compound. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, and an emission layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, where the emission layer includes the organometallic halide compound.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean PatentApplication No. 10-2020-0038553, filed on Mar. 30, 2020, in the KoreanIntellectual Property Office, the entire content of which is herebyincorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

One or more embodiments of the present disclosure relate to anorganometallic halide compound, and an optical member, a light-emittingdevice, and an apparatus, each including the organometallic halidecompound.

2. Description of Related Art

Luminescent materials may be classified according to the excitationmechanism, such as photoluminescence (PL), which is induced by light, orelectroluminescence (EL), which is induced by current, or may beclassified according to the composition of the components such as anorganic luminescent material (fluorescent dyes, OLED phosphorescentmaterial, and/or the like) and an inorganic luminescent material(quantum dots, perovskite nanocrystals, and/or the like).

In a case of an organic luminescent material, absorbance is excellentbut there are problems in terms of stability and color tuning. Quantumdots can be embodied in various colors by adjusting particle sizeaccording to the quantum confinement effect, but the shorter thewavelength, the smaller the size, resulting in a reduction in absorbanceof incident light.

In addition, in the case of perovskite nanocrystals which are fineparticles having a perovskite (ABX₃) crystal structure and having a sizeof several to several tens of nanometers, absorbance is excellent, andcolor can be controlled by changing the atom A, B, or X or an organicsingle-molecule, but perovskite nanocrystals are vulnerable in terms ofmoisture and solvent safety.

In addition, in the case of perovskite nanocrystals, the structure hasbeen embodied within a certain range (0.81<t<1.11, 0.44<μ<0.90, μ=rB/rX)of goldschmidt tolerance factor (t) determined by the following Equation1, and there have been various limitations.

$\begin{matrix}{t = \frac{r_{A} + r_{X}}{\sqrt{2}\left( {r_{B} + r_{X}} \right)}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1}\end{matrix}$

(In Equation 1, r_(A), r_(B), and r_(X) are ion radii of ions atpositions of A, B, and X, respectively.)

Accordingly, there is a high demand for new materials that can replaceluminescent materials of the related art.

SUMMARY

Provided are an organic-metal compound having a novel structure having ahigh luminescence efficiency, but not having a perovskite structure, andan apparatus including the same.

Additional aspects of embodiments will be set forth in part in thedescription which follows and, in part, will be apparent from thedescription, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodimentsof the disclosure.

According to an aspect of an embodiment, provided is an organometallichalide compound represented by Formula 1 and having a zero-dimensionalnon-perovskite structure:

A₂B¹X₄.   Formula 1

In Formula 1,

A is selected from a monovalent cation of a substituted or unsubstitutednitrogen-containing 5-membered ring, a monovalent cation of asubstituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing 6-membered ring, a(R₁R₂R₃R₄N)⁺ cation, a (R₁R₂B)⁺ cation, a (R₁R₂R₃Si)⁺ cation, a(R₁R₂R₃S)⁺ cation, and a (R₁R₂R₃R₄P)⁺ cation,

R₁ to R₄, at least one substituent of the monovalent cation of thesubstituted nitrogen-containing 5-membered ring, and at least onesubstituent of the monovalent cation of the substitutednitrogen-containing 6-membered ring are each independently selected fromhydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substitutedor unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, and —N(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃),

Q₁ to Q₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, ahydroxyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, and a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group,

B¹ is a divalent inorganic cation, and

X is a halide anion.

According to another aspect of an embodiment, provided is an opticalmember including the organometallic halide compound.

According to another aspect of an embodiment, provided is an apparatusincluding the organometallic halide compound.

According to another aspect of an embodiment, provided is alight-emitting device including a first electrode,

a second electrode facing the first electrode, and

an emission layer between the first electrode and the second electrode,

wherein the emission layer includes the organometallic halide compound.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects and features of certain embodiments of thedisclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic diagrams illustrating a structure of anorganometallic halide compound according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a perovskite nanocrystalstructure of the related art;

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a structure of alight-emitting device according to an embodiment; and

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a structure of alight-emitting device according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in more detail to embodiments, examples ofwhich are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein likereference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard,the present embodiments may have different forms and should not beconstrued as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein.Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring tothe figures, to explain aspects of embodiments of the presentdescription. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and allcombinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughoutthe disclosure, the expression “at least one of a, b or c” indicatesonly a, only b, only c, both a and b, both a and c, both b and c, all ofa, b, and c, or variations thereof.

As the subject matter of the present disclosure can be subjected tovarious transformations and can have various examples, certain exampleswill be illustrated in the drawings and described in more detail in thedetailed description. Effects and features of the present disclosure,and methods of achieving the same will be clarified by referring toExamples described in more detail herein below with reference to thedrawings. However, the present disclosure is not limited to the examplesdisclosed below and may be implemented in various suitable forms.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described inmore detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same orcorresponding components will be denoted by the same reference numerals,and thus, redundant description thereof will not be repeated here.

It will be understood that although the terms “first,” “second,” etc.may be used herein to describe various components, these componentsshould not be limited by these terms. These components are only used todistinguish one component from another.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise.

It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or“comprising,” as used herein, specify the presence of stated features orcomponents, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or moreother features or components.

In the following embodiments, when various components such as layers,films, regions, plates, etc. are said to be “on” another component, thismay include not only a case in which other components are “immediatelyon” or “directly on” the layers, films, regions, or plates, but also acase in which other components may be placed therebetween. Sizes ofelements in the drawings may be exaggerated for convenience ofexplanation. In other words, because sizes and thicknesses of componentsin the drawings may be arbitrarily illustrated for convenience ofexplanation, the following embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited thereto.

Organometallic Halide Compound

According to an aspect of an embodiment, the organometallic halidecompound is represented by Formula 1 and has a zero-dimensionalnon-perovskite structure:

A₂B¹X₄   Formula 1

In Formula 1,

A is selected from a monovalent cation of a substituted or unsubstitutednitrogen-containing 5-membered ring, a monovalent cation of asubstituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing 6-membered ring, a(R₁R₂R₃R₄N)⁺ cation, a (R₁R₂B)⁺ cation, a (R₁R₂R₃Si)⁺ cation, a(R₁R₂R₃S)⁺ cation, and a (R₁R₂R₃R₄P)⁺ cation,

R₁ to R₄, at least one substituent of the monovalent cation of thesubstituted nitrogen-containing 5-membered ring, and at least onesubstituent of the monovalent cation of the substitutednitrogen-containing 6-membered ring are each independently selected fromhydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substitutedor unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, and —N(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), and

Q₁ to Q₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, ahydroxyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, and a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group. Forexample, the organometallic halide compound may be an ionic compound.

As used herein, the phrase that the organometallic halide compound has a“non-perovskite structure” means that the organometallic halide compounddoes not have a perovskite crystal structure. For example, the crystalstructure of embodiments of the organometallic halide compound isdifferent from a perovskite crystal structure.

As used herein, the term “zero-dimensional” refers to a particle statein which a particle is extremely small in size and substantially doesnot have a length, for example, a particle in a nanoparticle state. Incomparison to the term “zero-dimensional,” the term “three-dimensional”refers to a bulky state having a volume, the term “two-dimensional”refers to a thin-film state, and the term “one-dimensional” refers to anano tube state. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, theterm “zero-dimensional” may refer to particle having a diameter of 1 nmto about 100 nm, or 2 to 10 nm.

The “nitrogen-containing 5-membered ring” and the “nitrogen-containing6-membered ring” each refer to, as a ring-constituent atom, an organiccyclic group including at least one N and at least one C. In one or moreembodiments, the “nitrogen-containing 5-membered ring” may be animidazole, a pyrazole, a thiazole, an oxazole, a pyrrolidine, apyrroline, a pyrrole, or triazole, and the “nitrogen-containing6-membered ring” may be a pyridine, a pyridazine, a pyrimidine, apyrazine, or a piperidine, but embodiments of the present disclosure arenot limited thereto.

In one embodiment, A in Formula 1 may be (R₁R₂R₃R₄N)⁺, a substituted orunsubstituted imidazolium, a substituted or unsubstituted pyridinium, asubstituted or unsubstituted pyridazinium, a substituted orunsubstituted pyrimidinium, a substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinium, asubstituted or unsubstituted pyrazolium, a substituted or unsubstitutedthiazolium, a substituted or unsubstituted oxazolium, a substituted orunsubstituted piperidinium, a substituted or unsubstitutedpyrrolidinium, a substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolinium, a substitutedor unsubstituted pyrrolium, and a substituted or unsubstitutedtriazolium, or any combination thereof,

R₁ to R₄, at least one substituent of the substituted imidazolium, thesubstituted pyridinium, the substituted pyridazinium, the substitutedpyrimidinium, the substituted pyrazinium, the substituted pyrazolium,the substituted thiazolium, the substituted oxazolium, the substitutedpiperidinium, the substituted pyrrolidinium, the substitutedpyrrolinium, the substituted pyrrolium, and the substituted triazoliummay each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkylgroup, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with atleast one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, and a hydroxylgroup;

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenylgroup;

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenylgroup, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,—Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group; and

—N(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), and

Q₁ to Q₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, ahydroxyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenylgroup, a naphthyl group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group.

In one or more embodiments, A may be selected from: a (R₁R₂R₃R₄N)⁺cation; and a piperidinium cation, a pyrrolium cation, and a pyridiniumcation, each substituted with at least one substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₃₀ alkyl group, but embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, R₁ to R₄ may each independently be selectedfrom a C₆-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₂₀ alkoxy group, and —N(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃),and

Q₁ to Q₃ may each independently be selected from a C₃-C₂₀ alkyl groupand a C₃-C₂₀ alkoxy group, but embodiments of the present disclosure arenot limited thereto.

In Formula 1, B¹ is a divalent inorganic cation.

In one embodiment, B¹ may be a divalent cation of a Group 14 element, adivalent cation of a rare earth metal, a divalent cation of an alkalineearth metal, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, B¹ may be Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Ru²⁺,Pd²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, Ge²⁺, Sn²⁺, Pb²⁺, La²⁺, Ce²⁺, Pr²⁺, Nd²⁺, Pm²⁺,Sm²⁺, Eu²⁺, Gd²⁺, Tb²⁺, Dy²⁺, Ho²⁺, Er²⁺, Yb²⁺, Lu²⁺, Be²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺,Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ra²⁺, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of thepresent disclosure are not limited thereto.

In Formula 1, X is a halide anion.

In one or more embodiments, X may be —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic diagrams illustrating a structure of anorganometallic halide compound according to an embodiment.

Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, A in Formula 1 and at least one other Aadjacent thereto may form an organic matrix, and the organometallichalide compound may have a crystal structure including B¹X₄ moleculesarranged in the organic matrix. For example, embodiments of theorganometallic halide compound may form an organic matric including thecomponent A and the component B¹X₄ may be embedded or dispersed in theorganic matrix.

Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the organometallic halide compound mayhave a disphenoid tetrahedral crystal structure (e.g., may form atetragonal disphenoid tetrahedral honeycomb). For example, the componentB¹X₄ may have a disphenoid tetrahedral crystal structure (e.g., thecomponent B¹X₄ may form a tetragonal disphenoid tetrahedral honeycomb).

Here, the term “disphenoid tetrahedral” refers to, in addition to aregular tetrahedron, a general tetrahedron, lengths of sides of foursurfaces of which are not necessarily the same. In one or moreembodiments, the “disphenoid tetrahedral” may have a structure of whichfour surfaces may be regular triangles, wherein sides of at least onesurface of the four surfaces may be different from those of the otherthree surfaces.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a perovskite nanocrystalstructure of the related art.

Referring to FIG. 2, a perovskite crystal structure is a structure, inwhich crystals are formed at an atomic size, generally has a hexahedralstructure, and may have a structure including a central metal and ahalogen which are arranged in an octahedron in a perovskite structure.

In contrast, the organometallic halide compound of embodiments of thepresent disclosure includes B¹X₄ molecules arranged in organic crystals(e.g., an organic matrix) of organic materials (e.g., “A” in Formula 1)having various suitable sizes, and thus, is completely different from aperovskite in terms of crystallography and structure.

The organometallic halide compound of embodiments of the presentdisclosure may have a non-perovskite structure, and thus, unlike aperovskite structure that has limitations in the sizes of atoms andmolecules which are able to be introduced by the goldschmidt tolerancefactor, organic materials having various suitable sizes and varioussuitable energy levels may be realized by embodiments of theorganometallic halide compound. Accordingly, a molecular structure ofembodiments of the organometallic halide compound can be further freelydesigned so that metals other than lead may be used resulting in highluminescence efficiency.

For example, the organometallic halide compound of embodiments of thepresent disclosure may have an organic material which is big in size,and thus, without additional ligands, compared to a perovskite in therelated art, a metal halide portion can be designed to have a structurethat is less likely to be exposed to, or damaged or degraded by,moisture and oxygen. Accordingly, the organometallic halide compound maybe improved in terms of stability.

In one embodiment, the organometallic halide compound may be in the formof single-crystal particles.

In one embodiment, an average particle diameter (D50) of theorganometallic halide compound may be from about 1 nm to about 100 nm.

Light-Emitting Device

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Hereinafter, a structure of the light-emitting device 100 according toan embodiment and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device100 will be described in connection with FIG. 3.

Referring to FIG. 3, the light-emitting device 100 according to anembodiment includes: a first electrode 110; a second electrode 190facing the first electrode 110; and an emission layer 150 between thefirst electrode 110 and the second electrode 190, wherein the emissionlayer 150 includes an organometallic halide compound 151.

The organometallic halide compound 151 is the same as described above.

In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device 100 may furtherinclude at least one of a hole transport region 130 between the firstelectrode 110 and the emission layer 150 and an electron transportregion 170 between the emission layer 150 and the second electrode 190.

First Electrode 110

The first electrode 110 may be formed by depositing or sputtering amaterial for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When thefirst electrode 110 is an anode, the material for forming the firstelectrode 110 may be selected from materials having a high work functionto facilitate hole injection.

In FIG. 3, a substrate may be additionally located under the firstelectrode 110 and/or above the second electrode 190. The substrate maybe a glass substrate or a plastic substrate, each having excellentmechanical strength, thermal stability, transparency, surfacesmoothness, ease of handling, and/or water resistance.

The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, asemi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the firstelectrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming thefirst electrode 110 may be selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), indiumzinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), and anycombination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited thereto. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, amaterial for forming the first electrode 110 may be selected frommagnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li),calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), andany combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure arenot limited thereto.

The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure or amulti-layered structure including two or more layers. In one or moreembodiments, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layered structureof ITO/Ag/ITO, but the structure of the first electrode 110 is notlimited thereto.

Hole Transport Region 130

The hole transport region 130 may have i) a single-layered structureincluding (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g.,consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structureincluding (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g.,consisting of) a plurality of different materials, or iii) amulti-layered structure having a plurality of layers including (e.g.,consisting of) a plurality of different materials.

The hole transport region 130 may include at least one layer selectedfrom a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emissionauxiliary layer, and an electron blocking layer.

In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 130 may have asingle-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layerincluding (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of different materials, or amulti-layered structure having a hole injection layer/hole transportlayer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emissionauxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliarylayer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layerstructure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electronblocking layer structure, wherein for each structure, constitutinglayers are sequentially stacked in this stated order, but the structureof the hole transport region is not limited thereto.

The hole transport region 130 may include at least one selected fromm-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB(NPD), β-NPB, TPD, spiro-TPD, spiro-NPB,methylated-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine(TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA),poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS),polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA),polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), a compound representedby Formula 201, and a compound represented by Formula 202:

In Formula 201 and Formula 202,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₄ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

L₂₀₅ may be selected from *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(Q₂₀₁)-*′, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 3,

xa5 may be an integer selected from 1 to 10, and

R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independently be selected from asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

For example, in Formula 202, R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may optionally be linked toeach other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or adiphenyl-methylene group, and R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may optionally be linked toeach other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or adiphenyl-methylene group.

In one embodiment, in Formula 201 and Formula 202,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₅ may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, anaphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, anindacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylenegroup, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, atriphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, anaphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, apentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, arubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, athiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, anindolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, abenzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, adibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, adibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and apyridinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, anaphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, anindacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylenegroup, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, atriphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, anaphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, apentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, arubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, athiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, anindolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, abenzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, adibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, adibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and apyridinylene group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xa1 to xa4 may each independently be 0, 1,or 2.

In one or more embodiments, xa5 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In one or more embodiments, R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independentlybe selected from: a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, apentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group,a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group,an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenylgroup, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group,a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, achrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenylgroup, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, arubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenylgroup, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, anisoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are the same as described above.

In one or more embodiments, at least one of R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₃ in Formula 201may each independently be selected from:

a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, acyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkylgroup, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenylgroup, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 202, i) R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may belinked to each other via a single bond, and/or ii) R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may belinked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ in Formula 202 may be selectedfrom:

a carbazolyl group; and

a carbazolyl group substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, acarbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula201-1 below:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 maybe represented by Formula 201-2 below, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 maybe represented by Formula 201-2(1) below, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 maybe represented by Formula 201A below:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 maybe represented by Formula 201A(1) below, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 maybe represented by Formula 201A-1 below, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto:

In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 202 may berepresented by Formula 202-1 below:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 maybe represented by Formula 202-1(1) below:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 maybe represented by Formula 202A below:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 maybe represented by Formula 202A-1 below:

In Formulae 201-1, 201-2, 201-2(1), 201Å, 201A(1), 201A-1, 202-1,202-1(1), 202Å, and 202A-1,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₃, xa1 to xa3, xa5, and R₂₀₂ to R₂₀₄ are the same asdescribed above,

L₂₀₅ may be selected from a phenylene group, and a fluorenylene group,

X₂₁₁ may be selected from O, S, and N(R₂₁₁),

X₂₁₂ may be selected from O, S, and N(R₂₁₂),

R₂₁₁ and R₂₁₂ are the same as described in connection with R₂₀₃, and

R₂₁₃ to R₂₁₇ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group.

The hole transport region 130 may include at least one compound selectedfrom Compounds HT1 to HT48, but embodiments of the present disclosureare not limited thereto:

For example, the hole transport region 130 may include a metal oxide.

A thickness of the hole transport region 130 may be in a range of about100 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. Whenthe thickness of the hole transport region 130 is within the rangedescribed above, suitable or satisfactory hole transportationcharacteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase indriving voltage.

The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency bycompensating for an optical resonance distance according to thewavelength of light emitted by an emission layer, and the electronblocking layer may block or reduce the flow of electrons from anelectron transport region. The emission auxiliary layer and the electronblocking layer may include the materials as described above.

Emission Layer 150

The emission layer 150 may have a single layer or a structure in whichtwo or more layers are stacked. In one or more embodiments, the emissionlayer 150 may have a single layer or a structure in which two or tenlayers are stacked.

The emission layer 150 includes at least one organometallic halidecompound 151. In addition, the emission layer 150 may further include aquantum dot.

In the present specification, a quantum dot refers to a crystal of asemiconductor compound and may include any suitable material emittingemission wavelengths of different lengths according to the size of thecrystal. Accordingly, a material for the quantum dot is not particularlylimited. A diameter of the quantum dot is not particularly limited, butmay be, for example, in a range of about 1 nm to about 10 nm.

Quantum dots arranged in the quantum dot emission layer may besynthesized by a wet chemical process, a metal organic chemical vapordeposition process, a molecular beam epitaxy process, and/or a similarprocess.

According to the wet chemical process, a precursor material is added toan organic solvent to grow a crystal of a quantum dot particle. When thecrystal grows, the organic solvent serves as a dispersant naturallycoordinated to the surface of the quantum dot crystal and controls thegrowth of the crystal. In this regard, the wet chemical process may beeasily performed compared to a vapor deposition process, such as metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and molecular beam epitaxy(MBE), and through a low-cost process, the growth of the quantum dotparticle may be controlled. In more detail, the quantum dot may include:a Group III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group semiconductor compound; aGroup II-VI semiconductor compound; a Group III-V semiconductorcompound; a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound; a Group IV element orcompound; or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the Group III-VI semiconductor compound mayinclude: a binary compound, such as In₂S₃; In one or more embodiments,the Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound may include: a ternarycompound, such as AgInS, AgInS₂, CuInS, or CuInS₂; or any combinationthereof.

In one or more embodiments, the Group II-VI semiconductor compound mayinclude: a binary compound, such as CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO,HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, or MgS; a ternary compound, such as CdSeS,CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS,CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, orMgZnS; a quaternary compound, such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe,CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, or HgZnSTe; or anycombination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the Group III-V semiconductor compound mayinclude: a binary compound, such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP,AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, or InSb; a ternary compound, such as GaNP,GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP,InNP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, InPSb, or GaAlNP; a quaternary compound, suchas GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb,GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, or InAlPSb; or anycombination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the Group IV-VI semiconductor compound mayinclude: a binary compound, such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, or PbTe;a ternary compound, such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe,SnPbS, SnPbSe, or SnPbTe; a quaternary compound, such as SnPbSSe,SnPbSeTe, or SnPbSTe; or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the Group IV element or compound mayinclude: a single-element compound, such as Si or Ge; a binary compound,such as SiC or SiGe; or any combination thereof.

Each element included in the binary compound, the ternary compound, orthe quaternary compound may exist in particles at uniform (e.g.,substantially uniform) concentration or may exist in the same particlein a state in which a concentration distribution is partially different.

Meanwhile, the quantum dot may have a single structure in which aconcentration of each element included in the corresponding quantum dotis uniform (e.g., substantially uniform) or a core-shell dual structure.In one or more embodiments, a material included in the core and amaterial included in the shell may be different from each other.

The shell of the quantum dot may serve as a protective layer formaintaining semiconductor characteristics by preventing or reducingchemical degeneration of the core and/or may serve as a charging layerfor imparting electrophoretic characteristics to the quantum dot. Theshell may be a single layer or a multilayer. An interface between thecore and the shell may have a concentration gradient in which theconcentration of elements existing in the shell decreases toward thecenter.

Examples of the shell of the quantum dot may include an oxide of a metalor a non-metal, a semiconductor compound, or any combination thereof. Inone or more embodiments, the oxide of a metal or a non-metal may includea binary compound, such as SiO₂, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, ZnO, MnO, Mn₂O₃, Mn₃O₄,CuO, FeO, Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, CoO, Co₃O₄, or NiO, or a ternary compound, suchas MgAl₂O₄, CoFe₂O₄, NiFe₂O₄, or CoMn₂O₄, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto. In one or more embodiments, thesemiconductor compound may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe,ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb,AlAs, AlP, AlSb, and the like, but embodiments of the present disclosureare not limited thereto.

A full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an emission wavelength spectrumof the quantum dot may be about 45 nm or less, for example, about 40 nmor less, for example, about 30 nm or less. When the FWHM of the emissionwavelength spectrum of the quantum dot is within this range, colorpurity or color reproduction may be improved. In addition, light emittedthrough such quantum dot is irradiated in omnidirection, therebyimproving a wide viewing angle.

In addition, the quantum dot may be, for example, a spherical,pyramidal, multi-arm, or cubic nanoparticle, a nanotube, a nanowire, ananofiber, a nanoplate particle, or the like, but embodiments of thepresent disclosure are not limited thereto.

By adjusting the size of the quantum dot, the energy band gap may alsobe adjusted, thereby obtaining light of various suitable wavelengths inthe quantum dot emission layer. Therefore, by using quantum dots havingdifferent sizes, a light-emitting device that emits light of variouswavelengths may be embodied. In more detail, a size of the quantum dotmay be selected to emit red, green, and/or blue light. In addition, thesize of the quantum dot may be configured by combining light of variouscolors, so as to emit white light.

Electron Transport Region 170

The electron transport region 170 may have i) a single-layered structureincluding (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g.,consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structureincluding (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g.,consisting of) a plurality of different materials, or iii) amulti-layered structure having a plurality of layers including (e.g.,consisting of) a plurality of different materials.

The electron transport region 170 may include at least one layerselected from a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron controllayer, an electron transport layer (ETL), and an electron injectionlayer, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limitedthereto.

For example, the electron transport region 170 may have an electrontransport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blockinglayer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, anelectron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layerstructure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injectionlayer structure, wherein for each structure, constituting layers aresequentially stacked from an emission layer. However, embodiments of thestructure of the electron transport region 170 are not limited thereto.

The electron transport region 170 (for example, a buffer layer, a holeblocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transportlayer in the electron transport region 170) may include a metal-freecompound containing at least one Tr-electron-deficientnitrogen-containing ring.

The term “π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing ring,” as usedherein, indicates a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group having at least one *−N═*′moiety as a ring-forming moiety.

For example, the “π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing ring” may bei) a 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic group having at least one*—N═*′ moiety, ii) a heteropolycyclic group in which two or more5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups each having at leastone *—N═*′ moiety are condensed with each other, or iii) aheteropolycyclic group in which at least one of 5-membered to 7-memberedheteromonocyclic groups, each having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, iscondensed with at least one C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group.

Examples of the π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing ring include animidazole ring, a pyrazole ring, a thiazole ring, an isothiazole ring,an oxazole ring, an isoxazole ring, a pyridine ring, a pyrazine ring, apyrimidine ring, a pyridazine ring, an indazole ring, a purine ring, aquinoline ring, an isoquinoline ring, a benzoquinoline ring, aphthalazine ring, a naphthyridine ring, a quinoxaline ring, aquinazoline ring, a cinnoline ring, a phenanthridine ring, an acridinering, a phenanthroline ring, a phenazine ring, a benzimidazole ring, anisobenzothiazole ring, a benzoxazole ring, an isobenzoxazole ring, atriazole ring, a tetrazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, a triazine ring, athiadiazole ring, an imidazopyridine ring, an imidazopyrimidine ring,and an azacarbazole ring, but are not limited thereto.

For example, the electron transport region 170 may include a compoundrepresented by Formula 601 below:

[Ar₆₀₁]_(xe11)-[(L₆₀₁)_(xe1)-R₆₀₁]_(xe21).   Formula 601

In Formula 601,

Ar₆₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xe1 may be an integer selected from 0 to 5,

R₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₀₃), —C(═O)(Q₆₀₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

Q₆₀₁ to Q₆₀₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or anaphthyl group, and

xe21 may be an integer selected from 1 to 5.

In one embodiment, at least one of Ar₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe11 andR₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe21 may include the π-electron-deficientnitrogen-containing ring.

In one embodiment, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be selected from:

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, adibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, apyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazolegroup, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group,a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, aphthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, aquinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, anacridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, abenzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, anisobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazolegroup, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group,an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group; and

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, adibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, apyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazolegroup, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group,a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, aphthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, aquinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, anacridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, abenzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, anisobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazolegroup, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group,an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group,—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

When xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar₆₀₁(s) may belinked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be an anthracenegroup.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 601 maybe represented by Formula 601-1:

In Formula 601-1,

X₆₁₄ may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₅ may be N or C(R₆₁₅), X₆₁₆ may be N orC(R₆₁₆), and at least one of X₆₁₄ to X₆₁₆ may be N,

L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may each independently be the same as described inconnection with L₆₀₁,

xe611 to xe613 may each independently be the same as described inconnection with xe1,

R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may each independently be the same as described inconnection with R_(601,) and

R₆₁₄ to R₆₁₆ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one embodiment, L₆₀₁ and L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ in Formulae 601 and 601-1 mayeach independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, anaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, abenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group,an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, afuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolylgroup, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, adibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, animidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolylgroup, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, anoxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, abenzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, aphenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, aphenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, abenzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, atetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinylgroup, and an azacarbazolyl group,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more embodiments, R₆₀₁ and R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ in Formulae 601 and601-1 may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group;

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, aperylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group; and

—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁) and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

wherein Q₆₀₁ and Q₆₀₂ are the same as described above.

The electron transport region 170 may include at least one compoundselected from Compounds ET1 to ET36, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region 170 mayinclude at least one compound selected from2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP),4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq₃, BAlq,3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole(TAZ), and NTAZ.

Thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and theelectron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 20Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When thethicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and theelectron control layer are within these ranges, excellent hole blockingcharacteristics or excellent electron control characteristics may beobtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

A thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. Whenthe thickness of the electron transport layer is within the rangedescribed above, the electron transport layer may have suitable orsatisfactory electron transport characteristics without a substantialincrease in driving voltage.

The electron transport region 170 (for example, the electron transportlayer in the electron transport region 170) may further include, inaddition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include at least one selected from analkali metal complex and an alkaline earth-metal complex. A metal ion ofthe alkali metal complex may be selected from a Li ion, a Na ion, a Kion, a Rb ion, and a Cs ion, and a metal ion of the alkaline earth-metalcomplex may be selected from a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, anda Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metalcomplex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may be selected from ahydroxy quinoline, a hydroxy isoquinoline, a hydroxy benzoquinoline, ahydroxy acridine, a hydroxy phenanthridine, a hydroxy phenyloxazole, ahydroxy phenylthiazole, a hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxydiphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxy phenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, aphenanthroline, and a cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. TheLi complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate,LiQ) or ET-D2:

The electron transport region 170 may include an electron injectionlayer that facilitates injection of electrons from the second electrode190. The electron injection layer may directly contact (e.g., physicallycontact) the second electrode 190.

The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structureincluding (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g.,consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structureincluding (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g.,consisting of) a plurality of different materials, or iii) amulti-layered structure having a plurality of layers including (e.g.,consisting of) a plurality of different materials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkalineearth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkalineearth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metalcomplex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, orany combination thereof.

The alkali metal may be selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs. In oneembodiment, the alkali metal may be Li, Na, or Cs. In one or moreembodiments, the alkali metal may be Li or Cs, but embodiments of thepresent disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth metal may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.

The rare earth metal may be selected from Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, and Gd.

The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth-metal compound, and therare earth metal compound may be selected from oxides and halides (forexample, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides) of the alkalimetal, the alkaline earth-metal, and the rare earth metal.

The alkali metal compound may be selected from alkali metal oxides, suchas Li₂O, Cs₂O, or K₂O, and alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF,KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, or RbI. In one embodiment, the alkali metalcompound may be selected from LiF, Li₂O, NaF, LiI, NaI, CsI, and KI, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from alkalineearth-metal oxides, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_(x)Sr_(1-x)O (0<x<1), orBa_(x)Ca_(1-x)O (0<x<1). In one embodiment, the alkaline earth-metalcompound may be selected from BaO, SrO, and CaO, but embodiments of thepresent disclosure are not limited thereto.

The rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, Sc₂O₃,Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, GdF₃, and TbF₃. In one embodiment, the rare earth metalcompound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, TbF₃, YbI₃, ScI₃, and TbI₃,but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rareearth metal complex may include an ion of an alkali metal, an alkalineearth-metal, and a rare earth metal as described above, and a ligandcoordinated with a metal ion of the alkali metal complex, the alkalineearth-metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may be selectedfrom a hydroxy quinoline, a hydroxy isoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxy acridine, a hydroxy phenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxy phenylthiazole, a hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, ahydroxy diphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxy phenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, aphenanthroline, and a cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

The electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) an alkalimetal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metalcompound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound,an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earthmetal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In one ormore embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include anorganic material. When the electron injection layer further includes anorganic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earthmetal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, arare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkalineearth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combinationthereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrixincluding the organic material.

In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include aco-deposited material of KI:Yb or a co-deposited material of RbI:Yb.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1Å to about 100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When thethickness of the electron injection layer is within the range describedabove, the electron injection layer may have suitable or satisfactoryelectron injection characteristics without a substantial increase indriving voltage.

Second Electrode 190

As described above, the light-emitting device 100 includes a secondelectrode 190 opposite the first electrode 110. The second electrode 190is the same as described above. The second electrode 190 may be acathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and as the materialfor the second electrode 190, a metal, an alloy, an electricallyconductive compound, or any combination thereof, each having a low workfunction, may be used.

The second electrode 190 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag),magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca),magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), Yb, AgYb, ITO, IZO,or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosureare not limited thereto. The second electrode 190 may be a transmissiveelectrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

In one or more embodiments, the second electrode 190 may include AgYb,but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The second electrode 190 may have a single-layered structure or amulti-layered structure including two or more layers.

Capping Layer

A first capping layer may be located outside the first electrode 110,and/or a second capping layer may be located outside the secondelectrode 190. In more detail, the light-emitting device 100 may have astructure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, theemission layer 150, and the second electrode 190 are sequentiallystacked in this stated order, a structure in which the first electrode110, the emission layer 150 , the second electrode 190, and the secondcapping layer are sequentially stacked in this stated order, or astructure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, theemission layer 150 , the second electrode 190, and the second cappinglayer are sequentially stacked in this stated order.

Light generated in the emission layer 150 of the light-emitting device100 may be extracted toward the outside through the first electrode 110and the first capping layer, each of which may be a semi-transmissiveelectrode or a transmissive electrode, or light generated in theemission layer 150 of the light-emitting device 100 may be extractedtoward the outside through the second electrode 190 and the secondcapping layer, each of which may be a semi-transmissive electrode or atransmissive electrode.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may increaseexternal luminescence efficiency according to the principle ofconstructive interference.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may eachindependently be an organic capping layer including an organic material,an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or acomposite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganicmaterial.

At least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer mayeach independently include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocycliccompound, an amine group-containing compound, a porphyrine derivative, aphthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkalimetal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, or a combinationthereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and theamine group-containing compound may be optionally substituted with asubstituent containing O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combinationthereof. In one embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer andthe second capping layer may each independently include an aminegroup-containing compound.

In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer andsecond capping layer may each independently include a compoundrepresented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, orany combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer andthe second capping layer may each independently include one of CompoundsHT28 to HT33, one of Compounds CP1 to CPS, or any combination thereof,but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

Display Apparatus

The light-emitting device may be included in a display apparatusincluding a thin-film transistor. The thin-film transistor may include asource electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer, and any oneselected from the source electrode and the drain electrode may beelectrically coupled to the first electrode of the light-emittingdevice.

The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gateinsulation layer, and/or the like.

The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, anorganic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, and/or the like, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The display apparatus may further include a sealing portion for sealingthe light-emitting device. The sealing portion may allow an image fromthe light-emitting device to be embodied and may block or reducepenetration of outside air and moisture into the light-emitting device.The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparentglass and/or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin filmencapsulation layer including a plurality of organic layers and/or aplurality of inorganic layers. When the sealing part is a thin-filmencapsulation layer, the entire flat display apparatus may be flexible.

Apparatus

The light-emitting device may be included in various suitableapparatuses. In one or more embodiments, a light-emitting apparatus, anauthentication apparatus, or an electronic apparatus, which includes thelight-emitting device, may be provided.

Referring to FIG. 4, a light-emitting apparatus 3 according to anembodiment of the present disclosure will be described in more detail.

In the light-emitting apparatus 3, a color filter 340 may be located onat least one traveling direction of light emitted from thelight-emitting device. The light-emitting device is the same asdescribed in the present specification.

For example, the light-emitting device may include a first electrode321, a first emission unit 322, a first charge generating unit, a secondemission unit 323, and a second electrode 324. In one or moreembodiments, the first emission unit 322 and the second emission unit323 may each emit blue light, but embodiments of the present disclosureare not limited thereto.

In this case, the color filter 340 may include the organometallic halidecompound.

The light-emitting apparatus may include a first substrate 310. Thefirst substrate 310 may include a plurality of subpixel areas, and thecolor filter 340 may include a plurality of color filter areas 341, 342,and 343 respectively corresponding to the plurality of subpixel areas.

A pixel-defining film 330 may be located between the plurality ofsubpixel areas to define each of the subpixel areas.

The color filter 340 may further include light-blocking patterns 344located between the plurality of color filter areas 341, 342, and 343.

The plurality of color filter areas 341, 342, and 343 may include afirst color filter area to emit a first color light, a second colorfilter area to emit a second color light, and/or a third color filterarea to emit a third color light, and the first color light, the secondcolor light, and/or the third color light may have different maximumemission wavelengths from one another. In one or more embodiments, thefirst color light may be red light, the second color light may be greenlight, and the third color light may be blue light, but embodiments ofthe present disclosure are not limited thereto. In one or moreembodiments, the plurality of color filter areas 341, 342, and 343 mayeach include a quantum dot, but embodiments of the present disclosureare not limited thereto. In more detail, the first color filter area mayinclude a red quantum dot, the second color filter area may include agreen quantum dot, and the third color filter area may not include aquantum dot.

The quantum dot is the same as described in the present specification.The first color filter area, the second color filter area, and/or thethird color filter area may each include a scatterer, but embodiments ofthe present disclosure are not limited thereto, but embodiments of thepresent disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may emit a firstlight, the first color filter area may absorb the first light to emit afirst first-color light, the second color filter area may absorb thefirst light to emit a second first-color light, and the third colorfilter area may absorb the first light to emit a third first-colorlight. In this case, the first first-color light, the second first-colorlight, and the third first-color light may have different maximumemission wavelengths from one another. In more detail, the first lightmay be blue light, the first first-color light may be red light, thesecond first-color light may be green light, and the third first-colorlight may be blue light, but embodiments of the present disclosure arenot limited thereto.

The light-emitting apparatus 3 may be used as various suitable displays,light sources, and/or the like.

The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometricauthentication apparatus for authenticating an individual by usingbiometric information of a biometric body (for example, a finger tip, apupil, and/or the like).

The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to thelight-emitting device, a biometric information collector.

The electronic apparatus may be applied to personal computers (forexample, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras,electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic gamemachines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers,sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices,pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram (ECG) displays,ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders,various measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for avehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and/or the like, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Hereinbefore, the light-emitting device has been described in connectionwith FIG. 4, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limitedthereto.

Layers constituting the light-emitting device may be formed in a certainregion by using one or more suitable methods selected from vacuumdeposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition,ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging(LITI).

When layers are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may beperformed, for example, at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. toabout 500° C., a vacuum degree of about 10⁻⁸ torr to about 10⁻³ torr,and a deposition speed of about 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec by takinginto account a material to be included in a layer to be formed and astructure of a layer to be formed.

When layers are formed by spin coating, the spin coating may beperformed, for example, at a coating speed of about 2,000 rpm to about5,000 rpm and at a heat treatment temperature of about 80° C. to about200° C. by taking into account a material to be included in a layer tobe formed and a structure of a layer to be formed.

Optical Member and Apparatus

According to another aspect of an embodiment, provided is an opticalmember including the organometallic halide compound.

The optical member may be a color conversion member.

The color conversion member may include a substrate and a pattern layerformed on the substrate.

The substrate may be the substrate of the color conversion member or maybe a region where the color conversion member is located in varioussuitable apparatuses (for example, a display apparatus). The substratemay be a glass, silicon (Si), silicon oxide (SiO_(x)), and/or a polymersubstrate, and the polymer substrate may be polyethersulfone (PES) orpolycarbonate (PC).

The pattern layer may include an organometallic halide compound in theform of a thin film. In one or more embodiments, the pattern layer maybe an organometallic halide compound in the form of a thin film.

A color conversion member including the substrate and the pattern layermay further include a partition wall and/or a black matrix which isformed between each pattern layer. Meanwhile, the color conversionmember may further include a color filter in order to further improvelight conversion efficiency.

The color conversion member may include a red pattern layer that canemit red light, a green pattern layer that can emit green light, a bluepattern layer that can emit blue light, or any combination thereof. Thered pattern layer, the green pattern layer, and/or the blue patternlayer may be embodied by controlling a component, a composition, and/ora structure of the organometallic halide compound.

According to another aspect of an embodiment, provided is an apparatusincluding the organometallic halide compound (or an optical memberincluding the organometallic halide compound).

The apparatus may further include a light source, and the organometallichalide compound (or an optical member including the organometallichalide compound) may be located in a path of light emitted from thelight source.

The light source may emit blue light, red light, green light, and/orwhite light. In one or more embodiments, the light source may emit bluelight.

The light source may be an organic light-emitting device (OLED) or alight-emitting diode (LED).

Light emitted from the light source may be photo-converted by theorganometallic halide compound while passing the organometallic halidecompound, and light having a wavelength different from the wavelength ofthe light emitted from the light source may be emitted by theorganometallic halide compound.

The apparatus may be various suitable display apparatuses, illuminationapparatuses, and/or the like.

In this case, the organic light-emitting device includes a firstelectrode, an organic layer including an emission layer, and a secondelectrode.

The organic layer may further include at least one of a hole transportregion between the first electrode and the emission layer and anelectron transport region between the emission layer and the secondelectrode.

The first electrode, the second electrode, the hole transport region,and the electron transport region are each understood by referring tothe respective descriptions thereof presented in connection with thelight-emitting device.

The emission layer included in the organic light-emitting device will bedescribed in more detail herein below.

Emission Layer of Organic Light-Emitting Device

When the organic light-emitting device is a full-color light-emittingdevice, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, agreen emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to asubpixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have astacked structure of two or more layers from among a red emission layer,a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two ormore layers contact (e.g., physically contact) each other or areseparated from each other. In one or more embodiments, the emissionlayer may include two or more materials from among a red light-emittingmaterial, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emittingmaterial, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each otherin a single layer to emit white light.

The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant mayinclude a phosphorescent dopant, a fluorescent dopant, or anycombination thereof.

An amount of the dopant in the emission layer may be from about 0.01parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weightof the host. However, embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited thereto.

A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å toabout 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When thethickness of the emission layer is within this range, excellentluminescence characteristics may be obtained without a substantialincrease in driving voltage.

Host in Emission Layer of Organic Light-Emitting Device

In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound representedby Formula 301 below:

[Ar₃₀₁]_(xb11)-[(L₃₀₁)_(xb)-R₃₀₁]_(xb21).   Formula 301

In Formula 301,

Ar₃₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₃₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituteddivalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xb1 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

R₃₀₁ may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂)(Q₃₀₃), —N(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),—B(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), or —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),

xb21 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and

Q₃₀₁ to Q₃₀₃ are the same as described in connection with Q₁.

In one or more embodiments, when xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or more, twoor more of Ar₃₀₁(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

In one embodiment, the host may include a compound represented byFormula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or anycombination thereof:

In Formula 301-1 and Formula 301-2,

ring A₃₀₁ to ring A₃₀₄ may each independently be a C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

X₃₀₁ may be O, S, N-[(L₃₀₄)_(xb4)-R₃₀₄], C(R₃₀₄)(R₃₀₅), orSi(R₃₀₄)(R₃₀₅),

xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,

L₃₀₁, xb1, and R₃₀₁ are the same as described in the presentspecification,

L₃₀₂ to L₃₀₄ are each independently the same as described in connectionwith L₃₀₁,

xb2 to xb4 may each independently be the same as described in connectionwith xb1, and

R₃₀₂ to R₃₀₅ and R₃₁₁ to R₃₁₄ are the same as described in connectionwith R₃₀₁.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth-metalcomplex. For example, the host may be a Be complex (for example,Compound H55), a Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include one of Compounds H1 toH120, 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN),2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN),9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN),4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene(mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), or any combinationthereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limitedthereto:

Phosphorescent Dopant Included in Emission Layer of OrganicLight-Emitting Device

The phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as acentral metal.

The phosphorescent dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentateligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentateligand, a hexadentate ligand, or any combination thereof.

The phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.

For example, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometalliccompound represented by Formula 401:

In Formula 401 and Formula 402,

M may be a transition metal (for example, iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt),palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au) hafnium (Hf),europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium(Tm)),

L₄₀₁ may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 may be 1, 2, or3, wherein, when xc1 is 2 or more, two or more of L₄₀₁(s) may beidentical to or different from each other,

L₄₀₂ may be an organic ligand, xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and when xc2is 2 or more, two or more of L₄₀₂(s) may be identical to or differentfrom each other,

X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₂ may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,

ring A₄₀₁ and ring A₄₀₂ may each independently be a C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

T₄₀₁ may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q₄₁₁)-*′,*—C(Q₄₁₁)(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)=C(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)=*′, or *═C═*′,

X₄₀₃ and X₄₀₄ may each independently be a chemical bond (for example, acovalent bond or a coordinate bond), O, S, N(Q₄₁₃), B(Q₄₁₃), P(Q₄₁₃),C(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄), or Si(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄),

Q₄₁₁ to Q₄₁₄ are the same as described in connection with Q₁,

R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl,—Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),—B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), or —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),

Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ are the same as described in connection with Q₁,

xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to10, and

* and *′ in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in Formula401.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X₄₀₁ may be nitrogen, andX₄₀₂ may be carbon, or ii) both X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₂ may be nitrogen.

In one or more embodiments, when xc1 in Formula 402 is 2 or more, tworing A₄₀₁(s) in two or more L₄₀₁(s) may optionally be linked to eachother via T₄₀₂, which is a linking group, or two ring A₄₀₂(s) in two ormore L₄₀₁(s) may optionally be linked to each other via T₄₀₃, which is alinking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T₄₀₂ and T₄₀₃ are thesame as described in connection with T₄₀₁.

L₄₀₂ in Formula 401 may be an organic ligand. For example, L₄₀₂ may be ahalogen group, a diketone group (for example, an acetylacetonate group),a carboxylic acid group (for example, picolinate group), —C(═O), anisonitrile group, a —CN group, a phosphorus group (for example, aphosphine group or a phosphite group), or any combination thereof, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, one of the followingCompounds PD1 to PD25, or any combination, but embodiments of thepresent disclosure are not limited thereto:

Fluorescent Dopant in Emission Layer of Organic Light-Emitting Device

The fluorescent dopant may include an amine group-containing compound, astyryl group-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include acompound represented by Formula 501:

In Formula 501,

Ar₅₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ may each independently be a substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, or 3,

R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ may each independently be a substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,and

xd4 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In one or more embodiments, Ar₅₀₁ in Formula 501 may be a condensedcyclic ring (for example, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, apyrene group, etc.) in which three or more monocyclic groups arecondensed.

In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2, but embodimentsof the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include: one ofCompounds FD1 to FD36; DPVBi; DPAVBi; or any combination thereof:

General Definition of at Least Some of the Substituents

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group,” as used herein, refers to a linear orbranched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbonatoms, and examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, apropyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group,a pentyl group, an isoamyl group, and a hexyl group. The term “C₁-C₆₀alkylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group havingsubstantially the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,” as used herein, refers to a hydrocarbongroup having at least one carbon-carbon double bond at a main chain(e.g., in the middle) or at a terminal end (e.g., the terminus) of theC₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethenyl group, apropenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group,”as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the samestructure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group,” as used herein, refers to a hydrocarbongroup having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond at a main chain(e.g., in the middle) or at a terminal end (e.g., the terminus) of theC₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethynyl group and apropynyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group,” as used herein,refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure asthe C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalentgroup represented by —OA₁₀₁ (wherein A₁₀₁ is the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group),and examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and anisopropyloxy group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group,” as used herein, refers to amonovalent saturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbonatoms, and examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutylgroup, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group.The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group,” as used herein, refers to adivalent group having substantially the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group,” as used herein, refers to amonovalent monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected fromN, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, andexamples thereof include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, atetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term“C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalentgroup having substantially the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group,” as used herein, refers to amonovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at leastone carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity(e.g., is not aromatic), and examples thereof include a cyclopentenylgroup, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent grouphaving substantially the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group,” as used herein, refers to amonovalent monocyclic group that has at least one heteroatom selectedfrom N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms,and at least one double bond in its ring. Examples of the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolylgroup, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group.The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group,” as used herein, refers toa divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalentgroup having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms,and a C₆-C₆₀ arylene group used herein refers to a divalent group havinga carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples ofthe C₆-C₆₀ aryl group include a fluorenyl group, a phenyl group, anaphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenylgroup, and a chrysenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀arylene group each include two or more rings, the two or more rings maybe fused to each other (e.g., combined together).

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group,” as used herein, refers to amonovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has at leastone heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom,in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclicaromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si,P, and S as a ring-forming atom, in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms.Examples of the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group include a carbazole group, apyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinylgroup. When the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup each include two or more rings, the two or more rings may becondensed with each other (e.g., combined together).

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group,” as used herein, refers to —OA₁₀₂(wherein A₁₀₂ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group), and the term “C₆-C₆₀ arylthiogroup,” as used herein, refers to —SA₁₀₃ (wherein A₁₀₃ is the C₆-C₆₀aryl group).

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,” as usedherein, refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbonatoms) having two or more rings condensed with each other (e.g.,combined together), only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, andnon-aromaticity in its entire molecular structure (e.g., is notaromatic). An example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group is a fluorenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromaticcondensed polycyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent grouphaving substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromaticcondensed polycyclic group.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,” asused herein, refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other (e.g.,combined together), at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P,and S, other than carbon atoms, as a ring-forming atom, andnon-aromaticity in its entire molecular structure (e.g., is notaromatic). An example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group is a carbazolyl group. The term “divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers toa divalent group having substantially the same structure as themonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term “C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,” as used herein, refers to amonocyclic or polycyclic group that includes only carbon as aring-forming atom and includes (e.g., consists of) 5 to 60 carbon atoms.The C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be an aromatic carbocyclic group or anon-aromatic carbocyclic group. The C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be aring, such as benzene, a monovalent group, such as a phenyl group, or adivalent group, such as a phenylene group. In one or more embodiments,depending on the number of substituents coupled to the C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group, the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be a trivalent groupor a quadrivalent group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a grouphaving substantially the same structure as the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,except that as a ring-forming atom, at least one heteroatom selectedfrom N, O, Si, P, and S is used in addition to carbon (the number ofcarbon atoms may be in a range of 1 to 60).

In the present specification, at least one substituent of thesubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, thesubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylenegroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, thesubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group,the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substitutedC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylgroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxygroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group may be selected from:

deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, anda C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, aC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted withat least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, aC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃),—N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and—P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), -B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),-C(═O)(Q₃₁), -S(═O)2(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently beselected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylgroup substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, and acyano group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group substituted with at least one selectedfrom deuterium, —F, and a cyano group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenylgroup.

The term “Ph,” as used herein, refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me,”as used herein, refers to a methyl group, the term “Et,” as used herein,refers to an ethyl group, the term “ter-Bu” or “But,” as used herein,refers to a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe,” as used herein, refersto a methoxy group.

The term “biphenyl group,” as used herein, refers to “a phenyl groupsubstituted with a phenyl group.” For example, the “biphenyl group” maybe a substituted phenyl group having a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group as asubstituent.

The term “terphenyl group,” as used herein, refers to “a phenyl groupsubstituted with a biphenyl group.” For example, the “terphenyl group”may be a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group substituted with a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group.

*, and *′, as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to abinding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula.

Hereinafter, a compound and a light-emitting device according toembodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detailwith reference to Examples.

EXAMPLES Synthesis Example 1 Synthesis of Compound 1 (Bmpip₂GeBr₄)

0.5 mmol of GeBr₂ and 1.0 mmol of 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium (Bmpip)Brwere added to 3 ml of ethanol, and then stirred at room temperature, tothereby manufacture a transparent or clear solution. In this case, sincea powder is completely dissolved, the solution may be transparent orclear. In order to efficiently form a single crystal at an interfacebetween diethyl ether and the solution, 2 ml of diethyl ether was slowlyinjected thereto.

The solution distributed on the interface was collected and then driedin a vacuum condition, to thereby obtain a Bmpip₂GeBr₄ compound.

Synthesis Example 2 Synthesis of Compound 2 (Bmpip₂SnBr₄)

0.4 mmol of SnBr₂ and 0.8 mmol of BmpipBr were added to 2 ml of ethanol,heated at a temperature of 70° C., and then sufficiently stirred, tothereby become a transparent or clear solution. The stirred solution,temperature of which was 70° C., was slowly cooled to room temperatureat a cooling rate of about 5° C. per hour to thereby form a singlecrystal.

The resultant was dried in a glove box in the nitrogen atmosphere,cleaned several times by using diethyl ether, and then dried in a vacuumcondition, to thereby obtain a Bmpip₂SnBr₄ compound.

Synthesis Example 3 Synthesis of Compound 3(Bmpip₂SnI₄)

1.0 mmol of SnI₂ and 2.0 mmol of BmpipI were added to 4 ml ofγ-butyrolactone, heated at a temperature of 90° C., and thensufficiently stirred, to thereby become a transparent or clear solution.The stirred solution, temperature of which was 90° C., was slowly cooledto room temperature at a cooling rate of about 5° C. per hour to therebyform a single crystal.

The resultant was dried in a glove box in the nitrogen atmosphere,cleaned several times by using diethyl ether, and then dried in a vacuumcondition, to thereby obtain a Bmpip₂SnI₄ compound.

Synthesis Example 4 Synthesis of Compound 4(Bmpip₂PbBr₄)

0.4 mmol of PbBr₂ and 0.8 mmol of BmpipBr were added to 2 ml of ethanol,heated at a temperature of 70° C., and then sufficiently stirred, tothereby become a transparent or clear solution. The stirred solution,temperature of which was 70° C., was slowly cooled to room temperatureat a cooling rate of about 5° C. per hour to thereby form a singlecrystal.

The resultant was dried in a glove box in the nitrogen atmosphere,cleaned several times by using diethyl ether, and then dried in a vacuumcondition, to thereby obtain a Bmpip₂PbBr₄ compound.

Evaluation Example 1 Analysis of Quantum Efficiency Characteristics

With respect to Compounds 1, 2, and 4 manufactured according toSynthesis Examples 1, 2 and 4, excitation-light spectrum was measured byusing a quantum efficiency measuring instrument, and results thereof areshown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Compound Quantum efficiency Compound 1 75% Compound 2 75%Compound 4 24%

Referring to Table 1, it can be seen that the organometallic halidecompound according to the present disclosure has excellent luminescencecharacteristics. For example, unlike a perovskite material in therelated art in which Pb is used as a main material, when Ge or Sn isused, excellent quantum efficiency may be achieved as compared to thecase of using Pb.

The organometallic halide compound has a non-perovskite structure, andmay have improved stability with respect to moisture and oxygen andexhibit high luminescence efficiency.

It should be understood that embodiments described herein should beconsidered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes oflimitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodimentshould typically be considered as available for other similar featuresor aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have beendescribed with reference to the figures, it will be understood by thoseof ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and detailsmay be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of thepresent disclosure as defined by the following claims, and equivalentsthereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. An organometallic halide compound represented byFormula 1 and having a zero-dimensional non-perovskite structure:A₂B¹X₄   Formula 1 wherein, in Formula 1, A is selected from amonovalent cation of a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing5-membered ring, a monovalent cation of a substituted or unsubstitutednitrogen-containing 6-membered ring, a (R₁R₂R₃R₄N)⁺ cation, a (R₁R₂B)⁺cation, a (R₁R₂R₃Si)⁺ cation, a (R₁R₂R₃S)⁺ cation, and a (R₁R₂R₃R₄P)⁺cation, R₁ to R₄, at least one substituent of the monovalent cation ofthe substituted nitrogen-containing 5-membered ring, and at least onesubstituent of the monovalent cation of the substitutednitrogen-containing 6-membered ring are each independently selected fromhydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substitutedor unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, and —N(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), Q₁ to Q₃ areeach independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, a hydroxyl group,a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, aC₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, and a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, B¹ is a divalent inorganiccation, and X is a halide anion.
 2. The organometallic halide compoundof claim 1, wherein A in Formula 1 and at least one other A adjacentthereto form an organic matrix, and the organometallic halide compoundhas a crystal structure including B¹X₄ molecules arranged in the organicmatrix.
 3. The organometallic halide compound of claim 1, wherein theorganometallic halide compound has a disphenoid tetrahedral crystalstructure.
 4. The organometallic halide compound of claim 1, wherein theorganometallic halide compound is in the form of single-crystalparticles.
 5. The organometallic halide compound of claim 1, wherein anaverage particle diameter (D50) of the organometallic halide compound isfrom about 1 nm to about 100 nm.
 6. The organometallic halide compoundof claim 1, wherein A is (R₁R₂R₃R₄N)⁺, a substituted or unsubstitutedimidazolium, a substituted or unsubstituted pyridinium, a substituted orunsubstituted pyridazinium, a substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinium,a substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinium, a substituted orunsubstituted pyrazolium, a substituted or unsubstituted thiazolium, asubstituted or unsubstituted oxazolium, a substituted or unsubstitutedpiperidinium, a substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinium, asubstituted or unsubstituted pyrrolinium, a substituted or unsubstitutedpyrrolium, and a substituted or unsubstituted triazolium, or anycombination thereof, R₁ to R₄ and at least one substituent of thesubstituted imidazolium, the substituted pyridinium, the substitutedpyridazinium, the substituted pyrimidinium, the substituted pyrazinium,the substituted pyrazolium, the substituted thiazolium, the substitutedoxazolium, the substituted piperidinium, the substituted pyrrolidinium,the substituted pyrrolinium, the substituted pyrrolium, and thesubstituted triazolium are each independently selected from: hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, anda C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group,each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl,—Br, —I, and a hydroxyl group; a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, abiphenyl group, and a terphenyl group; a phenyl group, a naphthyl group,a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group, each substituted with at leastone selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group; and —N(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), andQ₁ to Q₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, ahydroxyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenylgroup, a naphthyl group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group.
 7. Theorganometallic halide compound of claim 1, wherein A is selected from: a(R₁R₂R₃R₄N)⁺ cation; and a piperidinium cation, a pyrrolium cation, anda pyridinium cation, each substituted with at least one substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₃₀ alkyl group.
 8. The organometallic halide compoundof claim 1, wherein R₁ to R₄ are each independently selected from aC₆-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₂₀ alkoxy group, and —N(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), and Q₁ toQ₃ are each independently selected from a C₃-C₂₀ alkyl group and aC₃-C₂₀ alkoxy group.
 9. The organometallic halide compound of claim 1,wherein B¹ is a divalent cation of a Group 14 element, a divalent cationof a rare earth metal, a divalent cation of an alkaline earth metal, orany combination thereof.
 10. The organometallic halide compound of claim1, wherein B¹ is Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Ru²⁺, Pd²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺,Ge²⁺, Sn²⁺, Pb²⁺, La²⁺, Ce²⁺, Pr²⁺, Nd²⁺, Pm²⁺, Sm²⁺, Eu²⁺, Gd²⁺, Tb²⁺,Dy²⁺, Ho²⁺, Er²⁺, Yb²⁺, Lu²⁺, Be²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ra²⁺, or anycombination thereof.
 11. The organometallic halide compound of claim 1,wherein X is —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I.
 12. An optical member comprising theorganometallic halide compound of claim
 1. 13. The optical member ofclaim 12, wherein the optical member is a color conversion member. 14.The optical member of claim 13, wherein the color conversion membercomprises a substrate and a pattern layer formed on the substrate, andthe pattern layer comprises the organometallic halide compound.
 15. Theoptical member of claim 13, wherein the color conversion membercomprises a color filter.
 16. An apparatus comprising the organometallichalide compound of claim
 1. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, furthercomprising a light source, wherein the organometallic halide compound islocated in a path of light emitted from the light source.
 18. Theapparatus of claim 17, wherein the light source is an organiclight-emitting device (OLED) or a light-emitting diode (LED).
 19. Theapparatus of claim 16, wherein the apparatus is a photovoltaic device, aphotodiode, a phototransistor, a photomultiplier, a photo resistor, aphoto detector, a light sensitive detector, a solid-state triode, abattery electrode, a light-emitting device, a transistor, a solarbattery, a laser, or a diode injection laser.
 20. A light-emittingdevice comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode facing thefirst electrode; and an emission layer between the first electrode andthe second electrode, wherein the emission layer comprises theorganometallic halide compound of claim 1.